An alloy of other elements is added based on nickel. About 30% of the Monel alloy containing copper, which was produced around 1905, is an earlier nickel alloy. Nickel has good mechanical, physical and chemical properties. Adding suitable elements can improve its oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature strength and improve certain physical properties. Nickel alloys can be used as materials for electron tubes, precision alloys (magnetic alloys, precision resistance alloys, electrothermal alloys, etc.), nickel-based superalloys, nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloys, and shape memory alloys. Nickel alloys are used in a wide range of applications in the energy development, chemical, electronics, marine, aerospace and aerospace sectors.

Introduction

A heavy-colored metal material composed of other alloying elements added on the basis of nickel. In order to further improve the physical and chemical properties of nickel and meet the requirements of scientific and industrial development, it is necessary to add an appropriate amount of alloying elements to nickel.

Nickel alloy belonging to heavy ferrous materials mainly include nickel alloys for electric vacuum, nickel alloys for thermocouples, monel alloys, nickel-niobium alloys, and nickel-based catalyst alloys for synthetic diamonds.

Nickel alloy ingots or castings are mainly produced by vacuum casting. The ingot is first subjected to hot rolling, extrusion or forging, and after intermediate heat treatment, rolling or stretching, and finally processing into a desired finished product. Some nickel-based superalloys are used directly in castings or by powder metallurgy to make the required parts.

Nickel alloy are mainly used in the electronics, chemical, mechanical, medical, energy development and marine, aerospace and aerospace sectors.

Add element effect

There are two types of alloying elements added: one is a solid solution strengthening element capable of forming a solid solution with nickel, such as copper, cobalt, iron, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, etc.; the other is an intermediate compound strengthening phase with nickel. Elements such as aluminum, silicon, germanium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium and tantalum. In addition, some trace elements such as rare earth elements, boron, magnesium, calcium, barium, and strontium are sometimes added for specific purposes and uses.

When adding solid solution strengthening elements to nickel, its strength, hardness, shock resistance, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, high temperature strength and certain physical properties such as magnetic properties, thermoelectric potential, and electrical resistivity are all significantly improved, and the expansion coefficient, The thermoelectric potential and the temperature coefficient of resistance of copper are greatly reduced. When an alloying element capable of forming a strengthening phase is added to nickel, the properties of the material, particularly high temperature mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and certain physical properties, will be further improved. Adding trace elements to the alloy, in order to eliminate the adverse effects of harmful impurities on the properties of the alloy, or in order to obtain some special physical properties of the alloy, or to strengthen the grain boundaries of the alloy, thereby ensuring better use of the alloy products and more Long service life.

Classification

Divided by purpose:

Nickel based superalloy. The main alloying elements are chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt, aluminum, titanium, boron, zirconium and the like. Among them, chromium acts as an antioxidant and anti-corrosion, and other elements act as strengthening. It has high strength and resistance to oxidation and gas corrosion at high temperatures of 650-1000. 

Nickel-based corrosion resistant alloy. The main alloying elements are copper, chromium and molybdenum. Has a good overall performance, resistant to a variety of acid corrosion and stress corrosion. The earliest application is nickel-copper alloy, also known as Monel alloy; in addition, nickel-chromium alloy, nickel-molybdenum alloy, nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy and the like. Used in the manufacture of various corrosion resistant parts.

Nickel-based wear-resistant alloy. The main alloying elements are chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and also a small amount of antimony, bismuth and indium. In addition to its wear resistance, it is also resistant to oxidation, corrosion and welding. It can be used to manufacture wear-resistant parts or as a coating material, which can be coated on the surface of other base materials by surfacing and spraying processes.

Nickel based precision alloy. Including nickel-based soft magnetic alloy, nickel-based precision resistance alloy and nickel-based electrothermal alloy. The most commonly used soft magnetic alloy is a permalloy containing about 80% nickel, which has a high maximum magnetic permeability and initial magnetic permeability and a low coercive force, and is an important core material in the electronics industry. The main alloying elements of nickel-based precision resistance alloys are chromium, aluminum, and copper. These alloys have high resistivity, low resistivity temperature coefficient, and good corrosion resistance for making resistors. Nickel-based electrothermal alloy is a nickel alloy containing 20% ​​.

Nickel-based shape memory alloy. A nickel alloy containing 50% (at)% of titanium. Its recovery temperature is 70, shape memory

The effect is good. A small change in the proportion of nickel to titanium components allows the recovery temperature to vary from 30 to 100.  

Application

Nickel alloy can be used in the following industries:

Heat treatment industry. Such as furnace rolls, bell furnaces and annealing furnaces.

Calciner. For example, it is used for calcination to produce high-performance corundum, calcined chromite ore to produce ferrochrome alloy, and to recover nickel used as a catalyst in petrochemical industry.

Chemical and petrochemical, using it to prepare a new steam cracking crude gasoline furnace to produce hydrogen.

Automation device. Such as catalytic support systems, spark plugs.

Cleaning equipment for the nuclear industry, such as nuclear waste removal. 

Metal industry. Such as direct reduction of iron ore technology, the production of titanium sponge.

Development History

The Monel alloy produced in the United States in 1905 was the first nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloy. In 1906, the United States began producing nickel-chromium-molybdenum-copper corrosion-resistant alloys. In 1920, Germany produced nickel-chromium-molybdenum corrosion-resistant alloys. In 1941, the United Kingdom produced nickel-chromium-titanium alloy. Before 1953, the Soviet Union produced nickel-tungsten-calcium alloy for electric vacuum devices. In 1958, the United States produced nickel-tungsten-zirconium alloys for electric vacuum devices. In the early 1950s, China began to produce nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloys and nickel-based temperature-measuring materials. In the early 1960s, it developed nickel-based alloys and nickel-based superalloys for electric vacuum devices. In the early 1970s, nickel-based catalyst alloys and nickel-iridium alloys for synthetic diamonds were produced. Elastomeric alloy.